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German德语: bäuerliche Strukturen

English英语 translation: free/independent peasantry






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词条(来自下列问题)
German德语词条或短语:bäuerliche Strukturen
English英语翻译:free/independent peasantry
输入者:Craig Meulen
选项:
- 对此条目发表意见

17:18 Nov 23, 2006Login or register (free) for more options.
German德语至English英语翻译 [专业]
Social Sciences - 历史
German德语词条或短语: bäuerliche Strukturen
The context is:

Während sich in anderen Teilen Deutschlands vorrangig bäuerliche Strukturen entwickelten, führte die politische und wirtschaftliche Potenz mecklenburgischer und pommerscher Grundherren ... zu einer gänzlich neuen Wirtschaftsweise mit großen zusammenhängenden Blockfluren und einer neuen Siedlungsform.


I can't write "rural", since the social structures east of the Elbe were also rural and agricultural, but I need a term to contrast the systems that developed.

Thanks
Craig Meulen
德国
写给提问者或来自提问者的留言
xxxFrancis Lee: 17:47 Nov 23, 2006: What's the context/era, dear MeckPommer? No, it's not clear at all ;-) Bauernkrieg, 30 Years' War, 1848? Tell us everything you know!
xxxFrancis Lee: 17:52 Nov 23, 2006: And what's the general context, i.e. purpose/readership of the translation?
Craig Meulen: 17:56 Nov 23, 2006: OK, I'm eating my humble pie ... - Yes, we're talking about the developments after the 30 Years' War.
Article in a magazine for a somehwat knowledgeable but still quite general audience.



free/independent peasantry // peasant farming // small family farms // smallholders
说明:
I think they mean the regressive development from independent farmers to a kind of precursor of collectivisation.
Here are a coupe of references from the period:

"In Brandenburg, Pomerania, and Mecklenburg ... more labor services were demanded, reducing the once-free peasantry to the status of serfs. Here it is worth reminding the reader that this development had been going on long before the Thirty Years War, but after 1648 the change is much more pronounced."
http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/reformation/germany/after3...

"A minority of rich peasants lived amid struggling smallholders hard-pressed by feudal lords who maximized their profits by increasing labour and tax burdens"
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-58163/Germany

And "smallholder" is normally translated as "KleinbauerIn"
获选答案来自:

xxxFrancis Lee
德国
提问者给回答者的留言
Thanks Francis, I think the key word here is definitely "free" - since I researched further and "peasant" is often used synonymously with "serf", and it's this concept of "not-serf" that I was looking for.

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所提供的全部ENGLISH英语翻译如下:
4 +5peasant or agricultural - depending on the contextlindaellen
3 +1free/independent peasantry // peasant farming // small family farms // smallholdersxxxFrancis Lee
3rural structures
BirgitBerlin


  

回答

3分钟   信心度: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5
rural structures


说明:
I'd suggest...

BirgitBerlin
德国
在该领域工作
母语: German德语
此类别中专业问题的积分: 4
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14分钟   信心度: Answerer confidence 4/5Answerer confidence 4/5 同仁同意(净值): +5
peasant or agricultural - depending on the context


说明:
Context!

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 48 mins (2006-11-23 18:06:06 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

The notes and answers from Francis and Craig were not available when I posted this answer. Actually I don't want any more context, I meant for Craig to base his choice on the basis of the context of his entire document, which is not available to me.

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 50 mins (2006-11-23 18:08:40 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

If I had known what I know now about the context, I would have only suggested peasant.

lindaellen
瑞士
专精该领域
母语: English英语
给答者的备注
提问者: Thanks for your answer - I think as "structure of small peasant holdings" we're almost there, but Francis' addition of "free" is the clincher.


同仁对此翻译的评论(以及回答者的回复)
同意 BirgitBerlin: unter diesen Umständen "peasant..."
38分钟
  -> Thank you.

同意 Ingeborg Gowans: this could work for the context you gave us
41分钟
  -> Thank you.

同意 Beate Petersen: Yes, perhaps as "structure of small peasant holdings"
2小时
  -> Thanks.

同意 Daniel De Moral
3小时
  -> Thanks.

同意 Otmar Lichtenwörther: "peasant"
16小时
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15小时   信心度: Answerer confidence 3/5Answerer confidence 3/5 同仁同意(净值): +1
free/independent peasantry // peasant farming // small family farms // smallholders


说明:
I think they mean the regressive development from independent farmers to a kind of precursor of collectivisation.
Here are a coupe of references from the period:

"In Brandenburg, Pomerania, and Mecklenburg ... more labor services were demanded, reducing the once-free peasantry to the status of serfs. Here it is worth reminding the reader that this development had been going on long before the Thirty Years War, but after 1648 the change is much more pronounced."
http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/reformation/germany/after3...

"A minority of rich peasants lived amid struggling smallholders hard-pressed by feudal lords who maximized their profits by increasing labour and tax burdens"
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-58163/Germany

And "smallholder" is normally translated as "KleinbauerIn"

xxxFrancis Lee
德国
在该领域工作
母语: English英语
此类别中专业问题的积分: 103
提问者给回答者的留言
Thanks Francis, I think the key word here is definitely "free" - since I researched further and "peasant" is often used synonymously with "serf", and it's this concept of "not-serf" that I was looking for.

同仁对此翻译的评论(以及回答者的回复)
同意 Karin Maack
57分钟
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