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English to Bengali: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma General field: Medical
Source text - English Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
The lymphatic system
Our lymphatic system is made up of a complex network of tubes (known as lymph vessels), glands (known as lymph nodes) and other organs such as the spleen.
We have lymph nodes and lymph vessels throughout our bodies. Some groups of lymph nodes may be easily felt, for example under the arms, in the neck and in the groin. Others are deeper inside us and can only be seen on scans.
The lymphatic system is part of the body’s natural defence against infection – the immune system. The lymph nodes are an important part of this defence, acting as a sieve in the lymphatic system. They are a home to large numbers of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell that helps our bodies to fight infection).
What is lymphoma?
Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. They occur when some of the lymphocytes become cancerous.
Lymphoma is not just one illness. There are many different kinds but they all start with a cancerous lymphocyte.
Lymphoma was first described in the 19th century by Dr Thomas Hodgkin. One kind of lymphoma known as Hodgkin lymphoma (or Hodgkin’s disease) is named after him; all other kinds are known as non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are much more common than Hodgkin lymphoma. These lymphomas can occur at any age, but they are more common in people aged 50 and over.
How and why do lymphomas develop?
Our lymphocytes are always dividing to make new lymphocytes. When fighting an infection, lots of new lymphocytes are made very quickly. Only those that target the infection we have at the time are useful to the immune system. Any lymphocytes that do not target that infection will die, meaning it is only the useful lymphocytes that survive. All of this usually happens in a carefully controlled way.
Lymphomas can occur when there is a breakdown in the control of this system. Instead of dying in the normal way, untargeted ‘rogue’ lymphocytes start to divide in an uncontrolled way. The rogue lymphocytes collect together to form a lump, most commonly in a lymph node. This is a lymphoma.
The rogue lymphocytes can also collect in other parts of the body to form lymphoma. These areas, such as the spleen, liver, gut, skin and bone marrow, are known as extranodal sites.
For most lymphomas, the exact trigger that causes the changes and makes the lymphocytes become cancerous is still unknown. Despite this, it is important that you know:
• You have not done anything to yourself to cause lymphoma.
• You did not inherit it from your parents.
• You didn’t catch it and you can’t pass it on to others.
Although anyone can develop a lymphoma, some people are more at risk of lymphoma. This may be because their immune system does not work well (known as immunodeficiency). It can occur in people who have HIV infection or people who have had an organ transplant, for example. There is a section of this booklet about lymphomas associated with immunodeficiency.
Some kinds of lymphoma are known to be linked with certain viruses. We have highlighted this in the detailed information about those lymphomas.
Symptoms of lymphoma
Many people with low-grade lymphoma notice very few symptoms; some have none at all.
People with lymphoma can, however, have many different symptoms. Some of these are common to many cancers. For instance, the lymphoma cells take up energy and nutrients that are needed by healthy cells, so people often feel very tired.
The most common symptom of lymphoma is:
• a painless lump or swelling, often in the neck, armpit or groin. This is a swollen lymph node.
Often people with low-grade lymphoma will have swollen lymph nodes in more than one place. Sometimes these lymph node swellings can even seem to come and go.
Other possible symptoms include:
• weight loss for no obvious reason these are
• drenching sweats, especially at night known as
• fevers and flu-like symptoms that don’t go away B symptoms
• loss of appetite
• itching all over
• trouble shaking off infections.
Sometimes people can have lymphoma in other parts of the body, including the stomach, bowel and skin. In this case there may not be any lymph nodes or other lumps to feel. Symptoms can vary, depending on where the lymphoma is. For example, lymphoma can cause:
• abdominal or chest pain
• diarrhoea or change in bowel habit
• jaundice
• an ongoing cough or shortness of breath.
There is no one symptom that is unique to lymphoma, but a mixture of these symptoms is typical.
With low-grade lymphomas, sometimes the symptoms will get better or at least stay the same – even if the lymphoma isn’t treated. Over time, however, more symptoms will usually develop and the symptoms will tend to get worse. For some people with low-grade lymphoma, this will not happen for many months or even years.
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Bio
Master of Arts (MA- Bengali Literature) from Calcutta University, West Bengal, India.
Bachelor of Arts in Sanskrit & Philosophy from Calcutta University,
West Bengal, India.
A total of 16 years of experience in Translation, Transliteration & proof reading including Online Bengali Teaching.
Presently working as a freelance translator & proofreader in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Key Responsibilities & Deliverables:
• Translation & Typing : English > Bengali, Hindi> Bengali, 1500 words maximum per day.
• proof reading : English > Bengali, Hindi > Bengali
• Transliteration & Re-typing: Bengali >< Sanskrit, Bengali>
· My translated books from English to Bengali,have
been published on various types of Cancer.
· My translated book from Hindi to Bengali,have
been published on Jain religion.
Keywords: Assured originality & quality of language including grammar.
Strong hold in Bengali as a mother tongue.
Working with various Indian & International translation/language service organizations till date.
• Experience in fields i.e. Astrology, Civil, Communication (general & soft ware), Commercial (documents/ text/ adds), IT, Medical & Medicine, clinical trials, ICF, markeking.
Expertise