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Source text - Afrikaans Rekenaar
vanuit Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie.
'n Rekenaar is enige toestel wat gebruik word om inligting te verwerk volgens 'n goed gedefinieerde prosedure. Die woord word huidiglik algemeen gebruik om te verwys na digitale rekenaars.
Die woord het vroeër verwys na iemand wat somme maak, met of sonder meganiese hulpmiddels, maar die woord is oorgedra na die hulpmiddels. Aanvanklik was die inligtingverwerking amper uitsluitlik vir wiskundige probleme, maar hedendaagse rekenaars word vir verskeie ander take gebruik.
Die wye definisie sluit dinge in soos die skuifliniaal, die verskeie meganiese rekenaars van die abakus af verder, asook alle hedendaagse elektroniese rekenaars.
Geskiedenis
Die geskiedenis van die rekenaar begin by die geskiedenis van berekening. Mens wou nog altyd van hulpmiddels gebruik maak vir groter en meer komplekse berekeninge. Kerfstokke en teltoue is hulpmiddels wat lankal al bestaan het. Die abakus word al vir eeue gebruik as rekenkundige hulpmiddel. Later het hulptabelle en skuifliniale hulp verskaf.
Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog verskaf die motivering vir baie navorsing in rekenaartegnologie, veral vir toepassings in kriptografie. Van die eerste rekenaars word inderdaad gebruik om geheime kodes te breek tydens die oorlog. Na die oorlog word rekenaars toenemend vir staats- en korporatiewe inligtingverwerking gebruik.
Aanvanklike werking van die rekenaar was moeisaam as gevolg van die gebruik van ponskaarte en onbetroubare vakuumbuise. Tegnologiese deurbrake wat hierdie probleme verlig het is magnetiese stoor en transistors. Die gebruik van geïntegreerde stroombane het verdere vooruitgang moontlik gemaak.
Die einde van die 20ste eeu is gekenmerk deur vooruitgang in netwerktegnologie en die mate waartoe dit (en in besonder die Internet) algemeen geword het.
Translation - English Computer
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A computer is any device used for processing information according to a properly defined procedure. Currently, the word is generally used for referring to digital computers.
Although the word was previously used for a person doing sums, with or without mechanical aids, the word is currently used for the aids themselves. Initially, almost all processing of information was done for mathematical problems, but modern computers can be used for a variety of other purposes.
The wide definition includes things like the slide rule, various mechanical computers starting from the abacus and further, as well as all modern electronic computers.
History
The history of the computer begins with the history of calculation. From time immemorial humans had wanted to use aids for making bigger and more complex calculations. Aids like tally sticks and rope counters have exited for many years. The abacus has been used for centuries as an accounting aid. More recent aids include help tables and slide rules.
The Second World War supplied motivation for much research in computer technology, especially for the application of cryptography. Some of the first computers were indeed used during the war to crack secret codes. After the war, computers were increasingly used for governmental and commercial information processing.
Initially, computers were cumbersome owing to the use of punch cards and unreliable vacuum tubes. Technological breakthroughs which alleviated these problems, include magnetic storage and transistors. Further advances were made possible by the use of integrated circuits.
The end of the 20th century was marked by progress in network technology and the extent to which it (and especially the Internet) became a common thing.
English to Afrikaans: The Internet (from Wikipedia)
Source text - English Internet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Creation of the Internet
Main article: History of the Internet
The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the U.S. to create the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead. DARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time.
J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution. Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran who had written an exhaustive study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching to make a network highly robust and survivable.
After much work, the first node went live at UCLA on October 29, 1969 on what would be called the ARPANET, the "eve" network of today's Internet. In December of 1970, Charles A. Petrik contacted the U.S. Navy and suggested that a special communications network, that the Department of Defense had built for use in the possiblitity of a nuclear attack, could also be used during peace time. Petrik convinced the military to connect the computers of the U.S. National Laboratories for scientific research purposes, and to allow these labs to get data to other labs faster, and safer.
The vast majority of today's Internet uses version four of the IP protocol (i.e. IPv4), and although IPv6 is standardised, it exists only as "islands" of connectivity, and there are many ISPs who don't have any IPv6 connectivity at all.
Translation - Afrikaans Internet
Uit Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie
Die ontstaan van die Internet
Hoofartikel: Geskiedenis van die Internet
Na die lansering van die USSR se Spoetnik, het die Amerikaanse regering in 'n poging om weer sy tegnologiese voorsprong te herwin, in Februarie 1958 die Verdedigingagentskap vir Gevorderde Navorsingsprojekte (DARPA, Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) tot stand gebring. DARPA het op sy beurt die Kantoor vir Inligtingsverwerkingstegnologie (IPTO, Information Processing Technology Office) gevestig om navorsing te bevorder oor die program vir halfoutomatiese grondwerksaamhede, wat radarstelsels van oor die hele land vir die eerste keer in 'n netwerk laat skakel het.
JCR Licklider is aangewys as hoof van die IPTO. Hy was van mening dat universele netwerkskakeling die potensiaal het om mense op revolusionêre manier bymekaar te bring. Licklider het toe Lawrence Roberts aangestel om so 'n netwerk van stapel te laat loop. Roberts baseer toe die netwerk se tegnologie op die werke van Paul Baran, wat omvattende navorsing vir die Amerikaanse Lugmag gedoen het. Uit dié navorsing het Baran pakkieskakeling voorgestel wat sou sorg dat die netwerk sterker is en onvoorsiene omstandighede beter oorleef.
Die eerste nodus van dit wat later as die ARPANET bekend sou staan, is ná baie werk op 29 Oktober 1969 by UCLA (Universiteit van Kalifornië, Los Angeles) aangeskakel. Dit was die voorganger van die moderne Internet. In Desember 1970 spreek Charles A Petrik die mening teenoor die Amerikaanse Vloot uit dat die spesiale kommunikasienetwerk wat die Departement van Verdediging opgestel het in geval van 'n kernaanval, ook tydens vredestyd gebruik moet kan word. Petrik oorreed toe die weermag om die rekenaars van die Amerikaanse Nasionale Laboratoria vir wetenskaplike doeleindes te koppel sodat die laboratoriums data vinniger en veiliger met ander laboratoriums kon deel.
Die oorgrote meerderheid van die moderne Internet gebruik weergawe 4 van die Internetprotokol (die sg IPv4), en hoewel IPv6 reeds gestandaardiseer is, word dit net op enkele plekke gebruik. Heelwat internetdiensverskaffers (ISP's) maak trouens nie eens voorsiening vir IPv6 nie.
Dutch to English: Rekenmachine (from Wikipedia)
Source text - Dutch In 1623 bouwde Wilhelm Schickard de eerste mechanische rekenmachine die getallen van zes cijfers kon optellen en aftrekken. Deze machine had zelfs een bel die een overflow aangaf. Hij was daarmee Blaise Pascal en Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz een twintigtal jaren voor. De rekenmachine werd gebruikt om astronomische tabellen te berekenen. Veel later werden rekenmachines in winkels gebruikt, zodat het uiteindelijke bedrag op mechanische wijze zichtbaar gemaakt worden.
Op kantoor en bij de administratie werden ook mechanische rekenmachines gebruikt. De ingevoerde getallen en het resultaat werd op een papierrol afgedrukt. Dit wordt een 'telmachine' genoemd.
Vanaf 1954 kwamen de eerste elektronische rekenmachines; deze waren nog steeds erg duur en groter dan menig moderne computer. In 1972 bracht de firma Hewlett-Packard de eerste wetenschappelijke zakrekenmachine op de markt (de HP-35). Die luidde het einde in van de tot dan toe gebruikte rekenlinealen. De aanvankelijke LED-uitlezing is veranderd naar LCD, wat de levensduur van de batterijen sterk heeft verlengd; veel rekenmachines maken zelfs gebruik van een fotovoltaïsche cel, waardoor batterijen bij voldoende licht zelfs overbodig zijn geworden. De technologie is zo goedkoop geworden dat er niet veel geld meer mee kan worden verdiend en daardoor zijn er nog maar enkele bedrijven die serieus rekenmachines maken die niet voor reclamedoeleinden worden weggegeven. Met het goedkoper worden van de rekenmachines en dankzij het feit dat de meeste rekenmachines in Japan gemaakt werden, kwam ook de naam zakjapanner als bijnaam op.
Translation - English Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator capable of adding and subtracting six digits in 1623. His machine even sounded a bell when the result was more than six digits long. His invention predated those of Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz by some twenty years. His calculator was used to calculate astronomical tables. Much later, calculators would be used in shops as a mechanical method of calculating and displaying the final amount. Mechanical calculators were also used in the office and for administration purposes. The digits typed in and the calculated result were printed on a roll of paper. In Dutch, such printing mechanical calculators were known as 'telmachines' (counting machines).
The first electronic calculators appeared in 1954. These machines were quite expensive and they were bigger than most modern computers. In 1972 the first scientific calculator was introduced by Hewlett-Packard -- it was called the HP-35. This was the beginning of the end for slide rules, which were commonly used in those days. Initially the display featured LEDs, but these were eventually replaced with an LCD, which increased the lifetime of batteries. In fact, many calculators use photovoltaic cells, making batteries redundant if there is sufficient light. The technology has become so cheap that calculators can even be given away freely, for example for marketing purposes. However, the product can still be profitable for companies specialising in advanced calculators. Owing to the fact that calculators are very cheap, and because most calculators are manufactured in Japan, they are nicknamed 'zakjapanner' (pocket Japanese) in Dutch.
G'day, my name is Samuel Murray. I was born in South Africa and have lived there for most of my life, although I currently live in the Netherlands.
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