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English to Czech: Synchronic Variation and Diachronich Change General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Linguistics
Source text - English It is not immediately obvious that language should change; indeed, many have thought, at various periods, and some still think, that change could be halted, or at least brought under control. Animal cries, for example, may change a little from era to era, but there is some reason to think they do not change nearly as much as language. The sound made by sheep was represented by the Ancient Greeks as hē, bē (approximately /bɛ:/ /bɛ:/), and much the same sort of sound can be heard from English sheep at the present day. But the Modern Greek equivalent of the linguistic form is pronounced /vi:/; it has lost all connection with the natural sound to which it was originally related. Why should speech be more subject to change than animal cries?
. Language changes because of the element of imitation inescapable in the learning and practice of it. The lamb does not bleat in deliberate imitation of the sheep-community into which it is born; it bleats as its genetic blueprint lays down for it. The human baby has a genetic blueprint, too, relevant to language, a blueprint which enables it to become a learner of language. But nothing in its inheritance specifies which language it will learn; a normal human baby, of whatever parentage, will acquire the language or languages of the particular speech-community in which it is raised. Many types of activity go into this long process of acquisition, and all the activities are dependent on the genetic capacity; we cannot say that a baby learns a particular language just by imitating. But we can say that imitation is one kind of activity which is indispensable. And it is precisely because of the two factors, absence of genetic conditioning towards a specific language, and presence of imitation, that language is always and everywhere subject to change, while “natural” (non-linguistic) sounds, in animals and humans, are not.
Translation - Czech Na první pohled není samozřejmé, že se jazyk v průběhu času vyvíjí, a skutečně mnozí si dříve mysleli a někteří stále myslí, že tyto změny lze zastavit nebo alespoň usměrňovat. Například zvuky zvířat se také mohou časem lehce měnit, ale v daleko menším měřítku než jazyk. Bečení ovcí staří Řekové zapisovali jako bē, bē (foneticky přibližně /bɛː/ /bɛː/). Zhruba stejný zvuk můžeme slyšet i od dnešních ovcí. Avšak novořecký ekvivalent citoslovce, který se vyslovuje /viː/, již ztratil jakoukoliv podobnost se zvukem, který odrážel. Proč tedy (lidská) řeč podléhá změnám více než zvuky zvířat?
Přirozenou složkou používání a akvizice jazyka, která zavdává jazykovým změnám, je totiž napodobování. Jehňata nebečí kvůli tomu, že by napodobovala bečení stáda, do kterého se narodila, ale proto, že jim tak káže jejich genetické uspořádání. Lidským nemluvňatům jejich geny umožňují naučit se jazyk. Žádný z jejich genů jim ale neurčuje, jaký konkrétní jazyk se budou učit. Běžné zdravé dítě jakéhokoliv původu bude mluvit jazyky, kterými mluví lidé v prostředí, ve kterém vyrůstá. Ačkoliv je imitace jen jedním z mnoha úkonů závisejících na schopnostech daných genetikou, které se podílí na procesu osvojování jazyka, je pro tento účel nepostradatelná. A právě díky kombinaci toho, že lidé nejsou geneticky předurčeni k osvojení konkrétního jazyka, a toho, že imitace hraje v tomto procesu důležitou roli, se na rozdíl od „nejazykových“ zvuků jazyk vyvíjí vždy a všude.
I am currently studying translation and interpreting between Czech and English at university. My experience pertains mainly to academic and linguistic texts as well as literary translations. I have completed several linguistic-oriented subjects in English and in Czech together with practical translation subjects.
Keywords: Czech, English, Sport, Fitness, Linguistics, Czech to English, English to Czech, Native Czech, Prague, Translation student
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