领民
English英语 translation: resident/inhabitant
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| 15:56 Dec 12, 2010 |
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| Chinese汉语至English英语翻译 [专业] Social Sciences - 历史 / economic history, history of the military system | |||||||
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|  获选答案来自： Su Hong 美国 Local time: 12:28 | ||||||
Grading comment
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| 所提供的全部翻译如下： | ||||
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| 3 +1 | resident/inhabitant |
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| 4 | tribe |
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| 3 | vassals |
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回答
58分钟 信心度： 
同仁同意（净值）： +1
同仁同意（净值）： +1resident/inhabitant 说明： 领民refers to the resident here. Although 州郡领民were governed by the States and Prefectures, they are not slaves. Household Registration System( an early form of census) in Three Kingdoms period divided the resident(领民) into three categories: 州郡领民(普通民户)、 屯田户和军户。 军户( military resident) is the lowest rank among the three. 例句：
证明参考： http://www.clght.com/show.aspx?id=333&cid=1 |
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57分钟 信心度：
vassals 说明： I think it is an article, not a book. If you could get your hands on the article itself it would become obvious. It was published in 1935 by He Ziquan. He describes it as follows: 30年代我写过一篇《三国时期国家的三种领民》，刊登在1935年5月1日出刊的《食货》半月刊的第1卷第11期上。在这篇文章里我指出，“三国以后社会所表现的一个最显著的特征，就是人口的分割”，“大族与国家平分了天下的人口”，“国家有国家的领民，大族有大族的领民”。我还进而指出，“国家领民以其性质和对国家之剥削关系的不同可以分为三种：一是州郡领民，二是屯田客，三是军户。” 军户，曹魏时期称作士家，晋到刘宋逐渐有兵户、军户之称。在《三国时期国家的三种领民》一文里，我不但指出三种领民是分籍的，各有所属的，一般民户属于州郡县，屯田客属于佃家将校，军户属于所隶属的将军，而且指出军户是“世代为兵的”，军户的社会身份逐步降低，“到东晋时军户已渐渐成为低于编户的人户”。 《三国时期国家的三种领民》可以说是世兵制研究的滥觞。但那篇文章对世兵制的研究未能展开。 (http://daxue.163.com/10/0604/11/68B673K2009163A5.html}) Based on that description it doesn't sound like slaves or prisoners. I think it is just referring to the different types of military personnel controlled by the government and the major clans/families. Vassal/feudatory might be the right terminology, but it would be necessary to really look at the article to make sure that the definition of the various 领民 fit the English definition appropriately. there is already a Chinese term for vassal, 封臣, but this only refers to the enfeoffed leader/noble and not to their troops/military personnel. Hope that helps! -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 1 hr (2010-12-12 17:14:45 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Here is another article by He Ziquan. He clearly distinguishes 州郡领民 as being free residents. "州郡领民在三国时还是独立自由民的性质，是小土地的所有者，自己耕种着自己的土地" http://www.clght.com/show.aspx?id=333&cid=1 Given this, I would say that Ms. Su's response is best. |
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2小时 信心度：
tribe 说明： 领民、吏民、属民、部民等都可以翻译为Tribe 证明参考： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe |
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