English英语译成Chinese汉语: Historical Overview of Transplantation: Barker CF, Markmann JF. Historical overview of transplantation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Apr 1;3(4):a014977. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014977. PMID: 23545575; PMCID: PMC3684003.
General field: 医学
Detailed field: 医疗（总称） | |
原文文本 - English英语
Except for legends and claims of miracles, most histories of transplantation cover only the last 60 years because therewere no earlier successes.However, the story of even this era has been documented in such rich detail that a full account would fill several volumes. Thus, this brief summary must be limited to highly selected “landmarks.” Some landmarks had an immediate
impact, but the importance of others went unrecognized for decades. Some findings that deserved landmark status were overlooked or forgotten, whereas others of no biological
significance had major impact. Placing these events in perspective is challenging. Several of transplantation’s pioneers are still alive, and most of the others are within living memory.
Virtually all of them have produced their own accounts. For the most part, they agree on what the “landmarks” are, but their differences in emphasis and perspective make an interesting story. | 翻译文本 - Chinese汉语
大多历史只涵盖移植术近60年的进展，因为早期充斥着传说和奇谈，并无成功先例。这个时期虽短，却因记录详实而篇幅浩大。因此，这篇简要概述仅限于回顾精选的“里程碑”。一些里程碑在当时就带来了影响，而另一些的重要性却在几十年后才被认可。一些本应称得上划时代的研究成果在当时被忽视或遗忘，而另一些生物学意义无足轻重的发现却激起了重大反响。如何正确看待这些事件颇具挑战性。目前只有几位器官移植的先驱仍然健在，大多数已与世长辞，只活在我们的记忆中。事实上，关于这段历史，他们也各执一词。有趣地是，尽管几乎所有人就何谓“里程碑”达成了一致，但他们阐述的侧重和角度各有不同。 |
English英语译成Chinese汉语: Selling online
General field: 市场开发
Detailed field: 艺术、工艺品、绘画 | |
原文文本 - English英语
SELLING ONLINE
About 20 percent of all the art sold, was made available for sale online. This is to say that if you are contemplating your selling options, you should not ignore what online selling could do for you.
Some artworks are better suited to be sold online than others.
There are better times to sell online and also periods when things just don’t sell or don’t do well online.
The online format comes with its own set of requirements, the description, the photos, the selling conditions, payment conditions, packing conditions, insurance conditions, shipping conditions, return conditions.
If you are not already a master of all this, we suggest you let us do it. We will take the headache out of it for you.
| 翻译文本 - Chinese汉语
线上出售
售出的所有艺术品中约有20%是通过线上出售。也就是说，如果您正在考虑出售方式，那么线上出售则不容忽视，您应该看看它能为您做什么。
有些艺术品较其他更适合线上出售。
线上出售在一些时期结果较好，但在另一些时期卖不出去或结果不佳。
线上形式有其系列要求，包括描述、照片、出售条件、付款条件、包装条件、保险条件、运输条件、退货条件。
如果您对此并不熟稔，建议交予我们来完成。我们将为您处理这些令人头痛的事宜。
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English英语译成Chinese汉语: SIGNATURES AND HANDWRITING
General field: 艺术/文学
Detailed field: 艺术、工艺品、绘画 | |
原文文本 - English英语
SIGNATURES AND HANDWRITING
There is a widespread belief that signatures
determine if a painting or drawing is authentic or not.
Every week people ask us to tell them if a signature is authentic because they hope this will establish if the artwork is authentic.
The reality is quite different. Signing was not
widespread in the past. There is only one
Michelangelo that is signed. Leonardo didn't sign any of his paintings.
Until about 1950 most artists would sign when
they sold a work or would deliver it to the gallery they worked with.
The consequence was that every artist had hundreds or thousands of works in his studio that were not signed.
When the artist died all these unsigned works
would be left behind. His dealer or family members would sign them for him, in order to sell them.
For this reason a very large number of authentic artworks were not signed by the artists who created them.
While it remains useful to check and compare
signatures, particularly for artists active after
1950, it is not as crucial as many people believe.
When there is text, in addition to the signature, it does open the door to checking if it is the artists' handwriting. Sometimes text is found on the back and occasionally a dedication or something similar is written on the front.
The expectation with text is that it is by the artist. If you would like to check handwriting, or to find out if a signature is possibly by the artist, we offer our services.
We provide both opinions and official forensic
examinations of signatures and handwriting. | 翻译文本 - Chinese汉语
签名和笔迹
人们普遍认为签名可以确定一幅绘画或素描是否真实。
每周都有人前来，要求我们告诉他们签名是否真实，因为他们希望这能确定艺术品的真实性。
实际情况却大相径庭。签名在过去并不普遍。只有米开朗基罗签名，达·芬奇没有在他的任何作品上签名。
直到 1950 年左右，大多数艺术家才开始在出售作品或将作品交付给与他们合作的画廊时签名。
这就导致每个艺术家在他的工作室里都有成百上千件未署名的作品。
当艺术家去世时，所有这些未署名的作品都会被遗忘。他的经销商或家人会为他签名，
以便出售它们。
因此，大量真实的艺术品未经由创作它们的艺术家签名。
尽管查明和比较签名仍然着作用，特别是对于 1950 年以后的艺术家来说，但它并不像许多人认为的那么重要。
当有签名以及其他文字时，这确实打开了查明其是否为艺术家手迹的大门。有些文字在作品背面，有些作品正面也会写上献词或类似文字。
我们期待这些文字出自艺术家本身。
如果您想查明笔迹，或者想知道签名是否出自艺术家之手，我们可以为您提供服务。
我们提供签名和笔迹的评价和正式法医检查。 |
English英语译成Chinese汉语: ABOUT DENDROCHRONOLOGY DATING
General field: 科学
Detailed field: 林业/林木/木材 | |
原文文本 - English英语
Dendrochronology is a scientific method for dating wood. It is useful for dating paintings on panel, icons, wood sculptures, antiques and antiquities.
In order to date wood we must have it's ring history and we have it for European Oak and Pine in particular. Oak is particularly useful as nearly all Nether- landish paintings are on oak panels.
Other woods that can be dated are Douglas fir, White fir, Ponderosa pine, Post oak, Red oak, Sugar Maple. Some species of wood are not suitable for datng. For example the appearance of growth rings in Poplar trees (Popular for painting panels in Italy) is unreliable. Saguaro, Fan palm and Mesquite don't produced rings or not clear enough.
In order to "read" the rings they must be clearly visible in the wood we are trying to date.
Another requirement, is that there must be at lest 30 rings to have a useful sequence that can be dated.
Due to these limitations only about 40 percent of wood samples can be suc- cesfully dated.
The benefit of dendro- chronology over carbon datng is that it is often precise down to the year. | 翻译文本 - Chinese汉语
关于树轮年代学测年
树轮年代学是一种科学的木材测年方法。它可用于对面板、圣像、木雕、古董和古物上的绘画进行测年。
为了确定木材年代，必须了解其年轮史，而我们对欧洲橡木和松木的知识尤为丰富。橡木特别好用，因为几乎所有荷兰绘画都绘于橡木板上。
其他可进行测年的木材包括，花旗松、白冷杉、黄松、后橡木、红橡木和糖枫。有些种类的木材不适合测年。例如，白杨树（在意大利流行作为绘画面板）的年轮外观并不可靠。
巨人柱、扇形棕榈和牧豆树不产生年轮或年轮不够清晰。
年轮必须在试图测年的木材中清晰可见，以便能够“读取”。
另一个要求是，年轮必须至少有30个环，这样才能作为有用序列进行测年。
由于上述限制，只有大约40%的木材样品可以成功完成测年。
相较于放射性碳素断代法，树木年代学的优点在于通常可精确到年份。
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English英语译成Chinese汉语: ABOUT THERMOLUMINESCENCE
General field: 科学
Detailed field: 科学（普通） | |
原文文本 - English英语
ABOUT THERMOLUMINESCENCE
Thermoluminescence is a scientific process
for dating ceramics and anything made of
clay that was fired.
Thermoluminescence provides the last date of
firing and of course generally there was only
one firing unless the piece was caught in a fire
or volcano explosion.
In addition to antiques and antiquities many
artists produced ceramic pieces. Luca della
Robbia, Picasso, Miro, Dali, Suetin are some of
them.
All that is required for thermoluminescent
dating is a small ceramic sample. | 翻译文本 - Chinese汉语
关于热释光
热释光是一个科学过程，用于测定陶瓷和任何烧制的粘土制品的年代。
热释光可确定末次焙烧的日期，当然通常仅有一次烧制，除非这件作品陷入火灾或火山爆发。
除了古董和古物，许多艺术家还制作陶瓷作品。例如，卢卡·德拉·罗比亚、毕加索、米罗、达利和苏恩。
仅需一片小小的陶瓷样品即可完成热释光测年 |
English英语译成Chinese汉语: PIGMENTS ANALYSIS
General field: 科学
Detailed field: 艺术、工艺品、绘画 | |
原文文本 - English英语
PIGMENTS ANALYSIS
Pigments analysis is a two-step scientific method for determining after what date the pigments where made or manufactured that were used to create a painting.
The first step consists in analyzing a pigment to determine its chemical composition.
The second step consists in researchen when this particular type of pigment was first made or manu- factured.
Let’s take the case of Prussian Blue.
The reason for using it as an example is that it was the first artificially man- ufactured color. It was first pro- duced in 1704.
It became available to painters in 1724.
When we chemically analyze the composition of the blue in your painting and see that it matches Prussian Blue what we learn is that your painting cannot be older than 1724.
What identifying the pigment does not tell us is WHEN your painting was painted.
A factor to take into account is that a painting can be older and have been restored using Prussian Blue. We must therefore be careful to check that we are looking at the original paint and not at restoration paint applied much later.
By itself pigment analysis is not going to tell you when your painting was painted but it will give you a cut off date. It will tell you what is the earliest date when it might have been painted. | 翻译文本 - Chinese汉语
颜料分析
颜料分析这一科学方法包含两步，可用于确定绘画颜料的制造日期。
第一步，分析颜料以确定其化学成分。
第二步，研究这种特殊类型颜料的最早制造日期。
以普鲁士蓝为例。
以此为例的原因是，它是首个人工制造的颜色。它于1704年首次生产。
它于1724年可供画家使用。
当我们对您绘画中蓝色成分进行化学分析，发现它为普鲁士蓝时，我们可以肯定您的绘画不会早于1724年。
识别颜料无法告诉我们您的画作的创作时间。
需要考虑的一个因素是，一幅画可能较旧并且已用普鲁士蓝修复。因此，我们必须谨慎，确保检验的是最早的颜料，而不是后续使用的修复颜料。
颜料分析本身不会告诉您一幅画的创作时间，但它能确定一个截止日期——它会告诉您创作发生的最早可能日期。 |
翻译样本