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English英语译成Chinese汉语: A First Book of ANSI C Fourth Edition
原文文本 - English英语 Preface
As with its predecessors, the primary purpose of this edition of A First Book of ANSI C is to make C accessible as an applications programming language. The success of past editions, and the many comments I have recieved from both students and faculty stating that the book really did help them learn and teach C, have been extremely gratifying. Thus, the goal of this fourth edition remains the same as the first three editions: to present all topics clearly, unambiguously, and accessibly to beginning students. This text can be used as an introduction to programming in general, as an introduction to the C language in particular, and as a basis for further study of the C language.
English英语译成Chinese汉语: ICOM Statutes (excerpt) General field: 法律/专利 Detailed field: 法律（总称）
原文文本 - English英语 ICOM Statutes
Translated by He Jiming
Approved in Vienna (Austria) - August 24, 2007.
The French language version of the ICOM Statutes is the official document from which translations must emanate. Questions regarding the official position of ICOM on statutory issue should refer to the French version.
Introduction
The Statutes of the International Council of Museums (hereinafter referred to as “ICOM”) is the basic document of the Organisation. The internal Rules of ICOM, and the Code of Ethics define and complete these Statutes.
The practices of ICOM must be based on honesty, fairness and mutual respect, as well as service to the international museum community.
The objectives of ICOM are (i) to promote the establishment, development and professional management of museums, (ii) and to advance knowledge and understanding of the nature, function and role of museums.
ICOM establishes ethical standards which must be adopted and respected by museums and museum professionals. It organises co-operation and mutual assistance between museums and between museum professionals. It represents, advances, and disseminates knowledge in museology and other disciplines related to studies in museology and/or the management and activities of museums.
Article 1 - Name, Legal Status, Location, Duration and Fiscal Year
Section 1. Name. The name of the Organisation is the International Council of Museums (ICOM). Use of the name and acronym is restricted to functions authorised by and for the benefit of the Organisation and its members.
Section 2. Legal Status. Established in 1946, ICOM is a non-profit organisation subject to French legislation (the 1901 law on associations) and a non-governmental organisation maintaining formal relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and having a consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
Section 3. Location. The registered office of ICOM is Maison de l’UNESCO, 1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France. The location may be modified by a decision of the Executive Council.
Section 4. Duration of the Mandate. The duration of ICOM shall be indefinite.
Section 5. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year begins on 1st January and ends on 31st December of each year.
Article 2 - Mission and Purpose
Section 1. Mission. ICOM is the international organisation of museums and museum professionals which is committed to the conservation, continuation and communication to society of the world's natural and cultural heritage, present and future, tangible and intangible.
Section 2. Purpose. ICOM establishes professional and ethical standards for museum activities, makes recommendations on such issues, promotes training, advances knowledge and raises public cultural awareness through global networks and co-operation programmes.
Article 3 - Definition of Terms
Whenever used in these Statutes, the following terms, beginning with a capital letter, will bear the meaning defined in this article, without any distinction when used in the singular or the plural.
Section 1. Museum. A museum is a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.
Section 2. Institutions recognised by ICOM. The Executive Council, after seeking the advice of the Advisory Committee, may recognise other institutions as having some or all of the characteristics of a Museum.
Section 3. Museum Professionals. Museum professionals include all the personnel of museums, or institutions qualifying as museums in accordance with the definition in Article 3, Section 1 & 2, and training and research institutions which are beneficial to museum activities, having received specialised training, or possessing an equivalent practical experience, in any field relevant to the management and activities of a museum, as well as independent persons respecting the ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums and working for and with museums, but not involved in promoting or dealing with any commercial products and equipment required for museums and their services.
Section 4. Member in Good Standing. An ICOM member in good standing is a person (or an institution) whose request for membership to ICOM has been accepted under the conditions definedin Article 4, Section 2 of these Statues, and has paid the annual membership fee (dues) at the time and in the amount determined by the Executive Council.
Section 5. State. For the purposes of establishing National Committees, a State is defined as a self-governing country which is a member of the United Nations or any of its Specialised Agencies, or is a party to the Statutes of the International Court of Justice.
Article 4 - Membership
Section 1. Members. Membership shall be open to Museums, Institutions recognised by ICOM and Museum Professionals, and such other persons or institutions considered to be beneficial for the advancement of the museum community.
All persons eligible for membership shall indicate to ICOM that they wish to become Members, that they accept and will comply with the ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums, and shall complete the application form to request membership.
Membership in ICOM shall not be available to any person or institution (including its employees) which trades (buys or sells for profit) cultural property including works of art, natural and scientific specimens, taking into consideration national legislations and international conventions. This disqualification applies to persons or institutions engaged in an activity which could cause a conflict of interest.
English英语译成Chinese汉语: CONSULTING AGREEMENT General Terms and Conditions General field: 法律/专利 Detailed field: 法律：合同
原文文本 - English英语 CONSULTING AGREEMENT
Translated by He Jiming
General Terms and Conditions
Independent Contractor Relationship. The parties acknowledge that their relationship is solely that of independent contractors and neither shall present itself as an employee, partner or agent, nor have the power or authority to bind the other. *** shall not be liable for any act of Consultant under this Agreement or otherwise. Nothing in this Agreement shall *** Scientific to retain Consultant to perform any additional Services.
Termination. Either party may, with or without cause, terminate as of right this Agreement at any time by giving the other party at least thirty (30) days’ written notice, provided, however, that Consultant shall be paid for any Services performed hereunder prior to such termination. *** shall have the right to terminate this Agreement immediately by written notice when (i) *** recognizes that the Consultant took any action against ***'s interest with intent or negligence, (ii) the Consultant has breached a clause of this Agreement and has not or cannot remedy the breach immediately, or (iii) *** has determined that the Consultant cannot provide the Services due to sickness, accident or any other reason. If not terminated by either party, this Agreement shall expire on the End Date. However, all obligations that are by their nature continuing shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement including the obligations relating to confidential information and intellectual property rights.
Compensation for Services. *** agrees to compensate Consultant for Services rendered, in the manner set forth in section 3 above (“Compensation”). This Compensation is fixed. Subject to ***’s prior approval, additional reasonable business-related expenses, such as economy travel, modest accommodation, and telephone, may be reimbursed by *** to Consultant, at cost, upon Consultant’s delivery to *** of an invoice, with accompanying original receipts, in accordance with *** policy. Unless indicated otherwise, all payments are to be made by bank transfer to Consultant’s bank account in Consultant’s Country or that instructed by Consultant’s Facility/Hospital. Consultant shall bear all other expenses arising in connection with the performance of Services under this Agreement, including any and all taxes that may become due.
Independent Contractor. Consultant shall be solely responsible for all income and other taxes, national insurance, social security and other withholdings or contributions which are or may be payable out of, or as a result of the receipt of, any fees or other monies paid or payable in respect of the Services including the Compensation. If *** becomes responsible or liable for any such tax, withholding or contribution, then without prejudice to any other right or remedy available to it under this Agreement or otherwise, *** may withhold the same from any payment to Consultant or otherwise demand reimbursement or payment by Consultant of the same (including any penalty, interest and legal and related expenses and costs). Consultant undertakes to represent and indemnify *** from and against any and all such liabilities incurred by ***.
English英语译成Chinese汉语: Material Safety Data Sheet (excerpt) General field: 法律/专利 Detailed field: 化学；化学/化工
原文文本 - English英语 Material Safety Data Sheet (excerpt)
Translated by He Jiming
1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
Product name Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Compound
(Antimony)
...
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Primary Routes of Exposure: Inhalation of processing emissions during periods of elevated temperature.
Eye: Vapors or fumes emitted during processes involving elevated temperatures may cause eye irritation. Dust resulting from the handling of powder may be irritating to the eyes.
Skin Contact: Vapors or fumes emitted during processes involving elevated temperatures may cause skin irritation. Dust resulting from the handling of powder may be irritating to the skin.
Skin Absorption: This material is initially a dry solid pellet; no absorption is likely to occur in its initial form. Vapors or fumes emitted during processes involving elevated temperatures may absorb through the skin at low levels.
Ingestion: Slightly toxic by ingestion. Dust may become airborne during handling, resulting in the potential for incidental ingestion. Vapors or fumes emitted during processes involving elevated temperature may be ingested at low levels. Adequate ventilation should be provided.
Inhalation: Dust may become airborne during handling, resulting in potential inhalation exposure. Vapors or fumes emitted during processes involving elevated temperatures may be inhaled if not adequately ventilated.
...
原文文本 - English英语 Translated by He Jiming
The freedom to operate, the concept of "patent peace" and the practice of broad cross licenses
For companies in the telecommunications industry, patents fulfill very different functions. This industry, and other similar industries such as that for semiconductors, is characterised by large numbers of patent rights, which may be overlapping, and a patent landscape that involves multi-functional products containing a multitude of components, each potentially covered by numerous other patents. Companies can require access to tens, hundreds, or even thousands of patents to produce a single telecommunications product. Many of these patents overlap, creating what can be described as a "patent thicket". This patent thicket can be de¬scribed as a dense web of overlapping intellectual property rights that a company must hack its way through in order to actually commercialise new technology.
The patent thicket is especially hazardous when combined with the risk that new products may be alleged to infringe patents that have not even been issued after such products were designed and launched on the market. It has been estimated that the R&D cycle for an average smartphone (that is, the period from when development for a new smartphone commenced to the date of its commercial launch) can be around 13 months. Patent applications, however, remain confidential for at least 18 months following filing. It is therefore an inevitable consequence of the patent system that patents and patent applications may become public after a certain product has been designed. During this confidentiality period, the contents of the patent application and information relating to the claimed invention are unknown to all except the patent applicant and the relevant patent authorities.
Given the existing patent thicket, it is thus highly likely that a new smartphone could be alleged to be covered by many patents, some of which were not even previously published. It is also commercially and practically impossible to design and launch a new smartphone that circumvents all published non-essential patents that could be asserted. It is also commercially and practically impossible to design and launch a new smartphone that circumvents all standards non-essential patents. It is first of all commercially impossible not to use other parties' standards non-essential patents. It is furthermore practically impossible to make sure that a product does not make use of other parties' standards non-essential patents. Moreover, it is not commercially viable to generally design around other parties' standards non-essential patents.
This need for freedom to operate in a highly competitive, technology-rich market characterized by the patent thicket explains the portfolio-wide cross licensing practices in the telecommunications industry where the market participants use their patent portfolios as a negotiation tool to create freedom for their products in the market. This practice to entering into broad cross licenses covers both standards essential patents and standards non-essential patents.
This practice existed as early as in the 1980s, as is evidenced by the semiconductor, or computer chip, industry. Many telecommunications companies adopted the practices of the semi-conductor industry when the telecommunications market began to evolve significantly in the 1990s. The telecommunications industry shares characteristics with the semiconductor industry.
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