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翻译文本 - English英语 The possibility of justice and the justice trap: a critique of John Rawls' theory of justice
Huang Yinghong, Sun Yat-sen University School of Government
Rawls believes justice can be achieved through efforts on two levels. First, on the social level, one must build a just society; second, on the individual level, one must ensure that individuals possess a strong sense of justice. In order to build a just society, Rawls suggests a four-stage application of the principles of justice (determining principles of justice, developing a constitution, legislation, and administration). The internalization of moral principles and the development of overlapping social consensus achieve the second aim. Rawls' theory of justice is a justice of reciprocity. It is based in relations of reciprocated support, mutual advantage, and shared expectations. This means, unfortunately, that it can never escape the limitations of jealous self-interest, and that Rawlsian justice can never be achieved in a society where justice is seriously deficient.
Chinese汉语译成English英语: Anisotropic and strabismic amblyopia: an fMRI study of cortical deficits General field: 医学 Detailed field: 医疗（总称）
翻译文本 - English英语 Anisotropic and strabismic amblyopia: an fMRI study of cortical deficits
He, Lu, Zhang, Wang, Huang, Ma, Yin, Huang, Shao
Objective: To study of the mechanism of cortical deficit in anisometric and strabismic amblyopia sufferers through retinotropic mapping, using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI.
Methods: Between January and October 2009, a 1.5T MRI system was used to collect data on visual cortex function from 9 healthy volunteers, and amblyopia sufferers at Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command and Nanjing South East Eye Hospital. 10 subjects had anisometric amblyopia and 10 had strabismic amblyopia. Data was collected under retinal stimulation (6 cycles/°, 50% contrast monochrome light spots). To find and analyze deficits in the primary visual cortex and higher visual areas of amblyopia sufferers, one way ANOVA was used to compare cortex response for the dominant eyes of the control group, and the amblyopic eyes of the two subject groups. Matched pair t tests were also carried out between the control group and the two subject groups.
Findings: The one way ANOVA shows that the average response (T value) in the V1 (p=0.018), V2 (p=0.007), V3 (p=0.002), Vp (p=0.000) and V7 (p=0.025) areas was lower for the anisometric amblyopic eyes than for the dominant eyes of the control group. Comparison with the dominant eyes of the anisometric group themselves yields similar results: average response was lower for the amblyopic eye V1 (p=0.035), V2 (p=0.007), V3 (p=0.020), Vp (p=0.009) and V7 (p=0.023). Average response for the strabismic eyes was lower than the control group in the following areas: V1 (p=0.010), V2 (p=0.007), Vp (p=0.003). However, comparing strabismic eyes with the dominant eyes of the strabismic sufferers, responses were lower in just two areas: V2 (p=0.026 and Vp (p=0.009). Comparing the two subject groups: response was lower in V7 (p=0.048) for anisometric eyes than strabismic eyes, but in other areas differences were not significant (p>0.05). There was no causal correlation between deficits in the primary visual cortex and deficits in higher visual areas in either of the groups of subjects (p>0.05).
Conclusions: There is functional impairment in the primary visual cortex and higher visual areas in both anisometric and strabismic amblyopia. The higher visual areas are impaired because of understimulation by the impaired primary visual cortex, but there may also be more complex neural mechanisms involved. Both strabismic and anisometric amblyopia involve neural impairment and/or abnormal neural interaction in the visual cortex, but suppression of the amblyopic eye by the dominant eye may also be a factor. Acquisition and coding by higher visual areas of high spatial frequency stimulation was weaker in anisometric amblyopic eyes than that in strabismic eyes.
Chinese汉语译成English英语: Images, Knowledge and Empire (extract)
翻译文本 - English英语 In both Qianlong’s construction of universalist knowledge and in his creation of political narrative, we have found images playing key roles. This was common in Qianlong’s court. Like Huizong, Qianlong was an innovator in the use of visual technique to recreate or even replace "reality". In fact Qianlong took this practice much farther than Huizong, applied it more widely, and displayed even stricter control over objective "reality". Qianlong ordered documentary-style paintings with illusionistic effects to be made of almost all the marvellous creatures sent to the court as auspicious signs. For example, Donghai xunlu 東海馴鹿 (Northeastern Reindeer) (fig. 30)[137] shows a white reindeer sent by General Balinga from the deer parks of the northeast in 1745; Kuoerka xian xiang ma tu 廓爾喀貢象馬圖 (The Tribute of Gurkhas) (fig. 31)[138] shows elephants and horses sent by the king of Gurkha (Nepal) after Qianlong conquered the country. The Qianlong court was also expert at producing perspective images showing celebrations and achievements befitting a mighty empire: examples include Wan shou sheng dian tu 萬壽盛典圖 (Imperial Birthday Celebrations) and Pingding huaibu huibu desheng tu 平定準部回部得勝圖 (Receiving the Surrender of the Ili). Sometimes Qianlong would enter into a dialogue with older texts, and demand first-hand reexamination of ancient sites to demonstrate his greater mastery of reality. In 1790, he sent Qin Chengen 秦承恩, governor of Shaanxi, to personally inspect the confluence of the Jing and Wei rivers, to check the accuracy of a classical saying: "The Wei is clear, the Jing muddy" (清渭濁涇). On receiving the governor’s report, he wrote an essay, created a painting to accompany it, and had them mounted as a scroll and reproduced in embroidery.[139]
In each of these examples, Qianlong introduced objective elements of reality into an artificially constructed world, either through the use of paintings with perspective in a European fusion style, or first-hand observations, or even the deployment of information from Europe. He created images which recreated the traditional ideal of sage king rule by incorporating elements of old and new. It would not be going too far to say that Qianlong’s empire was built on visual splendour.
http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/transcultural/article/view/10769/4681
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