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原文文本 - English英语 Spinal Muscular Atrophies (SMAs)
ByMichael Rubin, MDCM, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
Reviewed/Revised Mar 2024
Spinal muscular atrophies include several types of hereditary disorders characterized by skeletal muscle wasting due to progressive degeneration of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and of motor nuclei in the brain stem. Manifestations may begin in infancy or childhood. They vary by the specific type and may include hypotonia; hyporeflexia; difficulty sucking, swallowing, and breathing; unmet developmental milestones; and, in more severe types, very early death. Diagnosis is by genetic testing. Treatment is supportive.
Spinal muscular atrophies usually result from autosomal recessive mutations that affect the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene on the long arm of chromosome 5, most often causing a homozygous deletion of exon 7. Spinal muscular atrophies may involve the central nervous system and thus are not purely peripheral nervous system disorders. SMN2 is a modifier gene; it is 99% identical to the SMN1 gene and is located on 5q; if present in multiple copies, SMN2 may modify the severity of the disease and explain phenotypic differences between children with SMA. Also, there are rare forms of SMA that are not due to 5q mutations.
脊髓性肌肉萎縮症通常是由於體染色體隱性突變影響了存活運動神經元 1 (SMN1) 基因位於 5 號染色體的長臂上所導致，最常見的情況是造成第 7 外顯子的同基因缺失。脊髓性肌肉萎縮症涉及了中樞神經系統，所以並非純粹是周邊神經系統病變。SMN2是一個修飾基因；它與SMN1基因有99%相似，並且位於5q；如果存在於多個副本中SMN2可以修正疾病的嚴重性和解釋 SMA 兒童之間的表現型差異。同樣地，SMA很少型態非歸因於5q基因突變。
English英语译成Chinese汉语: Steven Oxman, CAMS: Countdown to CGSS 2019 11 General field: 法律/专利 Detailed field: 法律（总称）
原文文本 - English英语 Steven Oxman, CAMS: Countdown to CGSS
2019 11
CAMS Today interviewed Steven Oxman, CAMS to discuss the Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists’ (ACAMS) new certification: the Certified Global Sanctions Specialist (CGSS). Oxman is the director of global certification and training for ACAMS. Prior to joining ACAMS in March 2018, Oxman was part of the innovation team at Adtalem Global Education where he led the learning sciences team. Previously, he led product development teams at Kaplan and Western International University. Oxman has participated as a mentor for the National Science Foundation’s Innovation Corps for Learning. As a professional fellow for the U.S. Department of State, he traveled to Eastern Europe to speak about training the workforce of the future.
ACAMS Today: What is CGSS?
Steven Oxman: CGSS stands for Certified Global Sanctions Specialist. It is the first exam-based certification from ACAMS since the development of the Certified AntiMoney Laundering Specialist (CAMS). The program consists of a certification exam that can be taken at test centers around the globe and training materials to help with exam preparation. The training materials include a study guide and flash cards—the core of the self-study option—as well as optional instructor-led offerings, including a 12-hour virtual classroom option taught over six weeks and a one-day sanctions prep course.
AT: How is CGSS similar to or different from CAMS?
SO: The content is different in that CGSS is laser-focused specifically on sanctions compliance. However, the structure of the CGSS program and the exam are very similar to CAMS. The types of study materials and instructor-led training options are nearly identical. Also, the eligibility requirements are the same. The CGSS exam will have slightly fewer questions than CAMS (100 questions instead of 120), simply because sanctions is a slightly narrower topic area. Like CAMS, the CGSS exam will have two types of questions: multiple choice questions with one correct answer, and multiple response questions that have two or three correct answers.
AT: Why a certification on sanctions?
SO: Over the last several years, sanctions regulations have become more frequent and more complex, and fines for violations have increased substantially. This has led sanctions compliance to become an area of increased specialization, where people involved in this function need to have a significant amount of knowledge about sanctions: the principles, concepts, frameworks, guidelines, best practices, etc. Creating a certification acknowledges sanctions compliance as such a specialization and enables people to demonstrate that they have attained an important level of competence in this specialized area. We hope that the certification will bring recognition to the professionals responsible for helping organizations comply with increasingly complex sanctions measures, much as CAMS did for anti-money laundering professionals.
AT: The sanctions landscape is constantly changing. How will the CGSS certification questions keep up with its evolving nature?
SO: That is a great question and something we had to think about from the start. Although specific sanctions regulations are always changing, the underlying concepts, governance principles, basic evasion methods and screening requirements are relatively constant. We decided to focus on those underlying elements that will help people understand and interpret different and evolving sanctions regimes, rather than on the individual regimes themselves. In the study guide, the specific sanction regimes are discussed as part of the case studies we use to illustrate the key concepts.
AT: The CGSS is a global knowledge certification. How will the exam and the study material cover sanctions on a global scale?
SO: We developed the program with the perspective of a professional working for a global organization who must be concerned with compliance across different jurisdictions. Because of how globalized the world is, particularly the financial sector, compliance professionals need to be aware of how sanctions apply depending on who passes them and the geographic scope of those sanctions. That said, by necessity there is a lot of coverage of the United Nations, the U.S., and the European Union simply because they are creating most of the sanctions regimes.
AT: Can all anti-financial crime professionals take the CGSS exam and when can they begin to take the exam?
SO: CGSS has the same eligibility requirements as CAMS. Individuals can qualify based on education, experience and/or training. If you have CAMS, you qualify but you do not need to have CAMS to be eligible for CGSS. We have an eligibility calculator on our website that can help people determine if they are qualified. The study guide for CGSS will be released in October, and the exam will be in test centers starting January 2020.
AT: When you are not working, what do you like to do in your spare time?
SO: My career has not been linear. My first passion was the theatre and I actually have a Master of Fine Arts degree from Yale School of Drama. In my spare time outside of ACAMS, you can usually find me in the theatre in Chicago, where I live and where I continue to write about theatre for Variety and the Chicago Sun-Times.
Interviewed by: Stephanie Trejos, CAMS, editorial assistant, ACAMS, Miami, FL, USA, [email protected]
翻译文本 - Chinese汉语 Steven Oxman, 公認反洗錢師: 想成為國際制裁合規師的最終準備
2019年11月
今日公認反洗錢師雜誌 (CAMS Today) 訪問公認反洗錢師 (Steven Oxman), 探討公認反洗錢師協會 (ACAMS)的新認證: 國際制裁合規師 (CGSS).Oxman是ACAMS的全球認證和培訓的指導者。在2018年3月加入ACAMS之前，Oxman是Adtalem全球教育的創新團隊的一員，他在那領導學習科學團隊。在那之前，他在卡普蘭(Kaplan)和西方國際大學(Western International University)領導產品發展團隊。Oxman曾做為國家科學基金會學習創新團隊的導師並參與其中。身為美國國務院的專業研究員，他前往東歐談及有關未來培訓勞動力的話題。
今日ACAMS (AT) : CGSS是甚麼？
Steven Oxman (SO): CGSS代表國際制裁合規師。這是自公認反洗錢師(CAMS)發展以來，首次以ACAMS考試為基礎的認證。這計畫包括可以在全球考試中心參加的認證考試和幫助準備考試的培訓資料。培訓材料包括學習指南和閃卡–自我學習選項的核心–以及由講師指導的選修課，包括為期6周12小時的虛擬教室授課，以及為期一天的制裁準備課程。
AT: CGSS和CAMS相同點和差異性在哪？
SO: 內容不同就是CGSS特別強調制裁合規性。然而，CGSS的程序與考試的架構和 CAMS又非常類似。學習材料的類型和講師指導的培訓選修課幾乎相同。此外，資格要求也是一模一樣的。CGSS的考試題目略少於CAMS的考試題目(100題而非120題)，只因制裁的主題範圍略窄。就像CAMS一樣，CGSS 考試有兩種類型的考題：多項選擇題只有一個正確答案，多項回答問題有兩個到三個正確答案。
AT: 為何制裁要獲得認證？
SO: 在過去的幾年中間，制裁法規已經變得更頻繁和更複雜，對違規行為的罰款大幅增加。這使得遵守制裁變成一個更加專業化的領域，參與該職能的人員必須具備大量的制裁知識：如原則、觀念、架構、指南、最佳作法，等。創造認證確認制裁合規相當專業化，使得人們能證明他們在這一專業領域已經達到了重要的能力階段。我們希望此認證將得到負責幫助組織遵守日漸複雜的制裁方式的專業人員的認可，就像CAMS對反洗錢專業人士所做的一樣。
AT: 制裁型態不斷變化。 CGSS認證問題如何與其發展的本質並駕齊驅？
SO: 這是個好問題，也是我們必須從頭思考的問題。雖然具體的制裁規則總是在改變，但基礎概念、管理原則、基本逃避方法和篩選要求卻相對穩定。我們決定將重點放在那些有助於人們理解和闡述不同和不斷進化的制裁制度的基本要素上，而非側重在個別制度本身。在研究指南中，做為案例研究就的一部分，我們將討論具體的制裁制度，用來說明重要的概念。
AT: CGSS 是一項全球性的知識認證。考試和學習材料如何涵蓋全球範圍內的制裁？
SO: 我們從一個為全球組織工作的專業人士的角度來制定計畫，該組織必須關注不同管轄區的合規性。由於世界的全球化程度，特別是金融部門的全球化程度，合規專業人士需要了解制裁如何適用，取決於制裁的通過者和制裁的地理範圍。也就是說，有必要對聯合國、美國以及歐盟進行大量報導，僅僅因為它們正在建立大部分的的制裁制度。
AT: 所有的反金融犯罪專業人員都能夠參與考試嗎？甚麼時候開始考？
SO: CGSS的資格要件和CAMS一樣。個人可依據教育程度、經驗和/或培訓來取得資格。如果你是CAMS，你就是合格的，但是成為CAMS不是成為CGSS的合格要件。我們的網站上有一個資格計算器，可以協助人們確定他們是否合格。 CGSS的學習指南將於10月公布，考試將於2020年一月開始在測試中心舉行。
AT: 當你不工作時，你喜歡在業餘時間做甚麼？
SO: 我的職業生涯並非一帆風順。我最初的興趣是戲劇，實際上我有耶魯戲劇學院的藝術碩士學位。我在ACAMS之外的業餘時間裡，你通常可以在芝加哥的戲院裡找到我，我住在那哩，而且我持續為 《綜藝》 和《芝加哥太陽日報》寫戲劇。
撰文者：Stephanie Trejos, CAMS, 編輯助理 ACAMS, Miami, FL, USA, [email protected]
English英语译成Chinese汉语: Extracted from Article of Incorporation of tsmc General field: 法律/专利 Detailed field: 法律（总称）
原文文本 - English英语 Article 24 The Chairman of the Board of Directors shall preside over all meetings of the Board of Directors. In addition, the Chairman shall have the right to execute documents in accordance with the resolutions of the Board of Directors in the name and on behalf of the Corporation as well as acting on behalf of the Board pursuant to Board resolutions and the Corporation’s objectives when the Board is not in session. In his absence, the Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors, or any one of the Directors shall be acting for him according to Article 208 of the Company Law.
加入会员日期： Mar '13
专长 
