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Chinese汉语译成English英语: Hypereutectic pistons General field: 技术/工程设计 Detailed field: 汽车制造/轿车与卡车
原文文本 - Chinese汉语 “Hypereutectic” means “Over” eutectic. The word eutectic refers to a condition in chemistry when two elements can be alloyed together on a molecular level, but only up to a specific percentage, at which point any additional secondary element will retain a distinct separate form.
Although internal combustion engine pistons commonly contain trace amounts (less than 2% each) of Copper, Manganese, and Nickel, the major element in automotive pistons is Aluminum due to its light weight, low cost, and acceptable strength. The alloying element of concern in automotive pistons is Silicon. Gold and Silver have no eutectic point, which means they can be alloyed together in any ratio.
However, when Silicon is added to Aluminum, they will only blend together evenly on a molecular level up to approximately a 12% Silicon content. For the purposes of this discussion, Silicon in this context can be thought of as “powdered sand,” and any Silicon that is added to aluminum at above a 12% content will retain a distinct granular form instead of melting. At a blend of 25% Silicon, there is a significant reduction of strength in the piston alloy, so stock hypereutectic pistons commonly use a level of Silicon between 16% and 19%. Special molds, casting, and cooling techniques are required to obtain uniformly dispersed silicon particles throughout the piston material.
Most automotive engines use aluminum pistons that move in a steel cylinder. The average temperature of a piston crown in a gasoline engine during normal operation is typically about 600 degrees Fahrenheit, and the coolant that runs through the engine block is usually regulated at approximately 190 degrees F. Aluminum expands more than steel at this temperature range, so for the piston to fit the cylinder properly when at a normal operating temperature, the piston must have a loose fit when cold.
In the 1970’s, increasing concern over exhaust pollution caused the US government to form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which began passing legislation that forced auto manufacturers to make changes that allowed their engines to run cleaner. By the late 1980’s, auto exhaust pollution had been noticeably improved, but increasingly stringent regulations forced car manufacturers to adopt the use of electronically controlled fuel injection and hypereutectic pistons. It was discovered that when an engine is cold, a small amount of excess fuel during start-up became trapped between the piston rings. This admittedly small quantity of excess fuel affected the amount of hydrocarbons in the exhaust when the piston expanded as it warmed, and then expelled the excess fuel. By adding Silicon to the piston’s alloy, the amount the piston expanded could be dramatically reduced, which allowed engineers to specify a much tighter cold-fit. Silicon itself expands less than Aluminum, and it also acts as an insulator to prevent the Aluminum from absorbing as much of the operational heat as it otherwise would. Another beneficial effect of adding Silicon is that the piston becomes harder, and is less susceptible to scuffing, which can occur when a soft aluminum piston is cold-revved in a relatively dry cylinder on start-up.
The biggest drawback of piston Silicon is that the piston becomes more brittle as more Silicon is added, which allows the piston to develop cracks easier if the engine experiences pre-ignition or detonation.
翻译文本 - English英语 The following is a speech given at the inauguration ceremony of the Three gorges Polytechnique university(TGPU) by Mr. Chen Gang, Mayor of the Banan district.
In order to support a new, innovation-driven economy, Our nation had been increasing its focus on creating more talents through the development of better education. The implementation of this strategy has been fruitful in our city, and it is with great pleasure today to witness the formal inauguration of TGPU's new campus. On behalf of the Banan district committee , the district's NPC standing committee, the municipal government, Political Consultative Conference and especially our 100 million local residents, I would like to welcome our guests, friends, and government officials to today's event, and to extend the warmest congratulations to the TGPU! I would also like to express my thanks to deputy director Jin and our friends from the media for their continued care and support!
Our city had recently introduced the "five developmental concepts" and the strategy of creating five functional districts within the city. Advancing the quality of Vocational education is just one example of the district's effort to further these causes. We have also in recent years brought in 9 different vocational education institutions including the TGPU. The city now has 12 recently opened vocational colleges, plus another 5 currently planned and is awaiting completion. Within the 1825 km2 geographical region of Banan, there are now nearly 100 thousand teachers and students who are actively involved.
The TGPU is an experience-rich and internationally collaborated vocational institution. The university's major faculties, such as the automotive institute and the e-commerce institute are backed by industrial resources provided by the likes of ZhonShen car Valley, JD.com, south city holdings and the bonded logistics center(Type B). Faculties such as health science, business management, computer science and general aviation also have a high degree of relevance with the Banan innovation drive's many sub areas like modern diagnosis and treatment, cloud computing and civil-military integration, just to name a few. I am confident that the university will integrate harmonically into the local community and become an excellent example of school-business collaboration.
I hope that the TGPU will continue to carry out its mission of "staying in sync with industrial trends, enhance cooperation with businesses, strive for the collective betterment of academia and the students' careers". In order to keep making contributions to our city's talent pool, we must also keep strengthening the university's school-business collaboration, work-learning integration, and skill-knowledge co-cultivation. Finally, I want to take this opportunity to encourage our related district departments to continue provide support for the TGPU, and I hope that our friends and guests here can keep following the university future developments.
The following is a speech given at the inauguration ceremony of the Three gorges Polytechnique university(TGPU) by vice chairman Shen Jinqiang of the Chongqing NPC's standing committee.
It is with great pleasure to attend today's inauguration ceremony of the TGPU's new campus. First, on behalf of the Municipal NPC's standing committee, I'd like to express the warmest welcomes to our guests and friends here at the event, and to give the best of wishes to the university's staff and students!
Chongqing is a city known for its inclusiveness, here we welcome friends from all over the world. Chongqing is also a city full of opportunities, making it an excellent destination for pursuing entrepreneurship. In recent years, with the guidance and care of the national government, the municipal government and party committee have made significant progress on implementing the "four comprehensives" strategy and the five developmental concepts. The city also actively took part in adopting the national strategy of "coordinated development between region". While we pushed for the realization of the city's "five functional districts" initiative, we also renewed our efforts of opening up and focused on the conversion of growth promoting factors and continued to deepen supply side structural reforms. In recent years, the municipality has enjoyed top GDP rankings in the country, during the third quarter of this year, our total GDP has reached 1.25 trillion Yuan, resulting in a year on year increase of 10.7%, which is 4.0% percent higher than the national average.
The true foundation of our achievements lies in the development of education. Our educational system had already undergone significant developments and had indeed cultivated a lot of talents for us, but it's not without its own shortcomings, areas such as vocational education are still in need of a better system and a better concept. In the foreseeable future, technical talents created by the vocational system will become the backbone of our economic growth. Ever since Chongqing became a municipality, vocational education has afforded us a large number of professional talents, promoted job creation, encouraged entrepreneurship, and helped to create a better human resource market. We are also very pleased to see that the Leading body of Banan district had wisely chosen to establish a vocational education complex by introducing many teaching institutions into the urban functional development zone, for doing so will not only provide talent support for Banan's regional development but will also become a valuable resource for the entire municipality's industrial development.
Established since 1993, the TGPU is a higher education institution officially recognized by the Chongqing municipal education commission. Aided by the industrial advantage of Zongshen enterprise group, the university has historically achieved respectable performances. The now newly established campus is situated within the "Chongqing highway logistics base", being one of the "three bases and three ports" of the municipality, this area has since harbored an ever expanding and highly specialized market, and became an open platform for institutional and student developments. I hope that the TGPU can take full advantage of this exciting opportunity and continue to keep up with market demands, Standardize the institution's operations and strive to make more improvements to the hardware of the campus. For our students seated here today, I would also like to encourage you to study diligently and to nurture your skills in creative thinking. I sincerely hope that you can all make your own contributions in the future of Chongqing and Banan's industrial innovations and development.
Lastly, Chairman Shen would like to wish TGPU a continued success!
New campus, new hope, new opportunities, and new challenges. A new day had already begun, With a new altitude, let us move ahead together towards that higher goal! May this golden autumn be the prelude to our university's brilliant future!
As the officials and guests activated the crystal ball, the ceremony is now successfully concluded.
English英语译成Chinese汉语: Leaving an Impression on the Interviewer in Three Minutes General field: 艺术/文学 Detailed field: 教育/教育学
原文文本 - English英语 Leaving an Impression on the Interviewer in Three Minutes
The university admissions process is notorious for its registration forms, essays, and transcripts. However, another integral aspect barring a student from their “Congratulations, you’ve been accepted” email is the interviewing process.
Previously, I applied to a dual degree program between a Canadian and European University. This program allows students to study two years at each institution and acquire a bachelor’s degree from both schools at the end of their four-year period. As I opened my inbox to the email indicating that I’ve passed the first round of applicants, I was overcome by a sensation of ecstasy until I soon realized that I would have to face yet another challenge: the interview.
Oxford-style European interviews are formal and rigid. They are comprised of analyzing an article, presenting your findings in front of a panel, and answering questions relevant to your presentation and written applications. The objective of the interview is to test your knowledge, critical and creative thinking abilities, and public speaking through the analysis of your given article. Students cannot simply summarize the material – they must place the article in historical and social context.
As soon as I arrived at the location of my interview, I was escorted into a small room where there was a sealed envelope with my name stamped across it, a pad of paper, and a pen. The envelope contained an article which I had to read and analyze within thirty minutes in preparation for my presentation.
Following an intense half hour of preparation, I was escorted into another room where I was to sit across from two representatives of both universities comprising the dual degree program. My brief presentation was immediately interrogated by the precise academic questions asked by both representatives.
The specificity of the questions threw me off guard which consequently triggered my overflowing anxiety. Although I had experience conducting and partaking in many interviews, I was unable to eloquently deliver any strong responses to their questions. Their questions inquired upon knowledge of terms and facts that I could not prepare for.
Immediate disappointment followed my anxiety during my interview – I had felt a sense of failure before the interview was even over. My inner perfectionist was overwhelmed by the trauma of such disappointment.
As my interviewer asked “do you have any questions for us?”, I was still in shock of how my interview was going. I glanced at the second interviewer who did not even look at my face as he continued to scroll through his phone. After conducting over a hundred interviews for non-profit organizations and student programs myself, I was cognizant of his thoughts as an interviewer – he viewed me as an insignificant applicant who was not worth valuable time.
In my desperation, I answered “No. I do not have any questions but I would like to spend the last three minutes of my interview time to express my most sincere and genuine intentions to enroll in this program” followed by my elaborate explanation of my motivations to partake in the program. I openly acknowledged my failure to express the extent of my intelligence, so I’d attempt to deliver my sincere intentions instead. At this point, I had decided to convert my failure into an opportunity.
English英语译成Chinese汉语 (Society of Translators and Interpreters of British Columbia) Chinese汉语译成English英语 (Society of Translators and Interpreters of British Columbia)
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