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English英语译成Chinese汉语: Strategic Management General field: 商务/金融 Detailed field: 管理
原文文本 - English英语 Business (or Strategic) management is the art, science, and craft of formulating, implementing and evaluating cross-functional decisions that will enable an organization to achieve its long-term objectives.
It is the process of specifying the organization's mission, vision and objectives, developing policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs, which are designed to achieve these objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the policies and plans, projects and programs.
Strategic management seeks to coordinate and integrate the activities of the various functional areas of a business in order to achieve long-term organizational objectives.
A balanced scorecard is often used to evaluate the overall performance of the business and its progress towards objectives.
Strategic management is the highest level of managerial activity.
Strategies are typically planned, crafted or guided by the Chief Executive Officer, approved or authorized by the Board of directors, and then implemented under the supervision of the organization's top management team or senior executives.
Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise and is closely related to the field of Organization Studies.
In the field of business administration it is useful to talk about "strategic alignment" between the organization and its environment or "strategic consistency".
According to Arieu (2007), "there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization are consistent with the expectations of management, and these in turn are with the market and the context."
Chinese汉语译成English英语: A Palace Memorial of Qing China - I translated this Memorial while working at The University of Michigan's China Study Center in 2014 General field: 社会科学 Detailed field: 历史
翻译文本 - English英语 Qing China Palace Memorial
(During Emperor Dao Guang Times)
Your humble ministers, Governor-General of Hunan and Hubei Yu-tai and Governor of Hubei Zhao Bing-yan, go down on our knees and memorize to Emperor Dao Guang:
Regarding the matter of the riot at Chong-yang County, Hubei Province, these gangsters have seized the county, have looted and pillaged the granaries and prisons, and have tied up the country magistrate by brute force. We have already sent civil and military officers to proceed to the scene in order to seize these gangsters. I, Yu-tai am going to set forth right away as well, going to the scene quickly to supervise this whole action. Hereby, I submit this memorial to you respectfully via the imperial post system, begging Your Majesty’s perusal.
Here is the detail of this whole story: We received reports from Wuchang Prefect Ming Jun and the Acting Magistrate of the Pu-qi County Xiao Ying-eng one after another on December the 14th and December the 15th, which said that on his way to inspect an embankment project at the Pu-qi County, the Wuchang Prefect Ming Jun received a report from the Magistrate of the Chong-yang County Shi Chang-zhi, saying:
“Last year during the period of the former magistrate Zhe Jin-yuan, a ruffian named Zhong Ren-jie gathered a whole bunch of his gangs and demolished the houses which were owned by his hatred families; moreover, they coerced the government officials to revise the regulations about the land and the tribute grain taxes by brute force. This criminal case is still pending and these gangsters are still at large although the government officials have been ordering to arrest Zhong Ren-jie and his gangs for many times so far. Then, on December the 10th, sometime between 9pm and 11pm, it was learned that Zhong Ren-jie and his gangs gathered a mob and burned Cai Shao-xun’s house into ashes, because he suspected that Cai, the magistrate’s relative by marriage, instigated the government efforts to arrest him rigorously. More seriously, Zhong Ren-jie also tried to rush into the county to demolish the house of his Plaintiff Jin Liang-yi and to kill Cai Shao-xun. No sooner did Prefect Ming Jun start to take action when Shi Shi-jie, the son of the Magistrate of the Chong-yang Country Shi Chang-zhi came to the Pu-qi Country to inform him in-person on December the 14th that Zhong Ren-jie and his gang had gathered an enormous mob and had seized the Chong-yang County at the night of December 12th, robbing warehouses, pillaging prisons, and seizing and killing personal servants of the magistrate. They had also tied up his father Shi Chang-zhi by brute force. Shi Shi-jie himself managed to escape from the county and bring the county seals to the Prefect.”
Based on this report sent by Ming Jun, we are shocked beyond end. So far, we have known that Chong-yang County is at a remote mountainous location and Zhong Ren-jie has already been sentenced to be banished due to his prior protection of Cheng Zhong-he, a criminal who mined coal secretly to seek illicit profits. But, Zhong managed to escape the barnishment. Even though granted that Zhong Ren-jie harbored an old grudge with commoners, how could this event result in gathering a mob, seizing the county, looting and pillaging warehouses and prisons, killing official servants, and tying up the magistrate? These wild and seditious violence makes us furious. In the meantime, we suspect these violent actions might very well be caused by other hostilities or led by criminals other than Zhong himself. And, if that magistrate has mismanaged the whole accident whether it was caused by hostility or criminals, then everything will be at risk. Therefore, the seriousness of this accident urgently requires us to arrest and punish these gangsters in order to manifest the Qing Dynasty’s laws. Please order us to do so immediately!
As soon as I send off this memorial, I am starting to rush to the scene, supervising the whole issue in accordance with the circumstances. Generally speaking, I will try my best to handle the situation with composure. Meanwhile, I will issue a clear order to disperse those adherents to the gangsters as my first step. After that, I will focus on seizing all ring leaders as quickly as possible. I will then investigate this entire case thoroughly to find out the roots of this conflict, to find out all the criminal leaders involved in this case, and to severely punish them to the limit of the law. In order to accomplish these things, I definitely do not dare to indicate even a little bit panic of myself, in case this panic might lead to the point of stirring up trouble. Now, besides ordering adjoining jurisdictions and sending a lateral communication to the general of Jiang xi and the general of Hunan to make them assist in arresting these criminals and in preventing them from escaping across provincial borders via defend and blockade, all the factors concerning this riot will be supervised by myself, Yu-tai, in presence. As is appropriate, I respectfully submit this memorial via the imperial post. Now, my memorial is over, awaiting Your Majesty’s perusal.
PS:
Your humble minister Yu-tai’s office in the provincial capital by routine will be deputed to provincial treasure Liu Ti-zhong to act and employ the seal while Yu-tai is absent. But, for significant issues, I, Yu-tai, will still deal with them myself by wrapping up and sealing them and then forwarding to my stops enroute. Hereby, I ‘d like to state it clearly, together with the previous matters in this memorial of mine.
The end.
December, the 16th, the 21st year of Dao Guang
Emperor Dao Guang responded to this memorial by writing in vermillion right after reading the memorial these three words: “There is a separate decree.”
专长